Social Capital
Social capital refers to the networks, relationships, norms of reciprocity, and trust that enable people to act collectively and access resources through their connections. It is the “connective tissue” of a community, the value generated by relationships themselves, not just by individual skills or material resources. The term itself does not apply to all relationships within a community but is limited to those based on mutual trust and respect that are beneficial to the social cohesion and operation of the community itself (Kenny, 2007)
Types of Social Capital
Social capital is quite an abstract concept in the big picture, but can be better understood looking t the different forms it can take; Bonding capital refers to the strong relationships people have within close and familiar groups, such as families, friendship circles or tight-knit communities. These connections can provide trust, identity and practical support, although they can sometimes be exclusive. Bridging capital develops through relationships between people from different groups or backgrounds, helping to expand networks, share information and build understanding across communities. Linking capital refers to connections with institutions, organisations and people in positions of authority, giving individuals and communities greater access to resources, opportunities and influence.
Social Capital and Community Development
Communities with high levels of social capital are generally better able to respond to challenges, coordinate collective action and recover from disruption, making them more resilient over time. In contrast, low social capital can contribute to social isolation, lower levels of civic participation and a reduced capacity for communities to solve problems together. Asset Based Community Development recognises relationships, networks and local associations as important community assets that can be identified and mobilised. Similarly, Capacity Building often focuses on strengthening bridging and linking capital so communities can extend their networks, access external resources and build stronger connections with institutions and decision-makers.
Position in this Vault
-This a structural note providing a reference and background to related and linked concepts such as Community Development and Social Justice and capacity building in community settings.
- Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon & Schuster.
- Bourdieu, P. (1986). “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education.
- Kenny, S (2007) “Developing Communities for the Future, Community Development in Australia” Second Edition, Thomson Publishing, Victoria, Australia. ISBN: 0 17 010205